Summary about Disease
Newborn jaundice is a common condition in newborns, characterized by a yellowing of the skin and eyes. It occurs because the baby's blood contains an excess of bilirubin, a yellow pigment of red blood cells. It is usually harmless and resolves on its own or with mild treatment.
Symptoms
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (sclera), usually starting on the face and then spreading to the chest, abdomen, and legs.
Poor feeding or lethargy (sleepiness).
Dark urine (should normally be colorless in newborns).
Pale stools (should normally be yellow-brown).
Causes
Physiological Jaundice: The most common type, caused by the newborn's immature liver not being able to efficiently remove bilirubin.
Breastfeeding Jaundice: Occurs in breastfed babies due to insufficient milk intake, leading to dehydration and reduced bilirubin excretion.
Breast Milk Jaundice: Thought to be caused by substances in breast milk that interfere with bilirubin metabolism.
Blood Group Incompatibility (Rh or ABO): When the mother and baby have different blood types, the mother's antibodies can attack the baby's red blood cells, causing them to break down rapidly.
Premature Birth: Premature babies have less developed livers.
Bruising during birth: Breakdown of blood from bruises can cause increased bilirubin levels.
Other causes: Infections, liver problems, enzyme deficiencies, or red blood cell abnormalities.
Medicine Used
Phototherapy: The most common treatment, using special blue lights to help break down bilirubin in the skin.
Exchange Transfusion: In severe cases, where bilirubin levels are very high or phototherapy is not effective, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): May be used in cases of Rh or ABO incompatibility.
Is Communicable
Newborn jaundice is not communicable or contagious. It is not caused by an infection and cannot be spread from one baby to another.
Precautions
Ensure adequate feeding: Frequent breastfeeding or formula feeding to promote bowel movements and bilirubin excretion.
Monitor for jaundice: Watch for yellowing of the skin and eyes, and consult a doctor if concerned.
Follow medical advice: Adhere to the doctor's recommendations for treatment and follow-up.
How long does an outbreak last?
Newborn jaundice is not an "outbreak" as it's not an infectious disease. Physiological jaundice typically peaks around 3-5 days after birth and resolves within 1-2 weeks. Other types of jaundice may last longer depending on the underlying cause and treatment.
How is it diagnosed?
Visual examination: A doctor will visually assess the baby's skin and eyes for yellowing.
Bilirubin blood test: A blood sample is taken to measure the level of bilirubin in the baby's blood.
Transcutaneous Bilirubinometer: A non-invasive device that measures bilirubin levels through the skin.
Timeline of Symptoms
Day 1-3: Jaundice may start to appear.
Day 3-5: Jaundice typically peaks.
Day 1-2 Weeks: Jaundice usually resolves in physiological jaundice, with treatment if needed. Other types may have variable timelines.
Important Considerations
Early Detection: Early detection and management are crucial to prevent complications of high bilirubin levels (kernicterus).
Breastfeeding Support: Mothers should receive support and guidance on breastfeeding to ensure adequate milk intake.
Follow-up: Regular follow-up with a doctor is essential to monitor bilirubin levels and ensure appropriate treatment.
Kernicterus: While rare, very high bilirubin levels can lead to kernicterus, a form of brain damage. This is why prompt treatment is crucial.